How personalized wattage, time-based intervals, and smarter recovery can unlock elite-level endurance for every athlete—from the gym floor to the competition floor.
In a fitness culture obsessed with intensity, it’s easy to forget the value of the long game. Yet for CrossFitters who want to improve their capacity across workouts, rounds, and time domains, the foundation isn’t in another sprint. It’s in the aerobic system.
“If you want to get better at everything in CrossFit, build your engine,” says elite endurance coach Chris Hinshaw. “People think it’s about suffering, but it’s not. The smartest athletes train their aerobic system so they can suffer less.”
Hinshaw, who has coached more than 30 CrossFit Games champions, is known for translating traditional endurance principles into formats that work for functional fitness. In a recent training session, he led a pair of athletes—Tasia and Jen—through a workout that replaced track intervals with time-based efforts on the BikeErg, Rower, and SkiErg.
The workout wasn’t just about conditioning. It was a masterclass in personalization, intensity control, and how to turn peak power data into sustainable aerobic training.
The goal? To convert a classic 400-meter running workout into a session that:
- Works in a group class setting
- Matches each athlete’s physiology
- Builds aerobic capacity without burnout
- Gives coaches tools to assess and scale for any level
This wasn’t a “go as hard as you can” workout.
Instead, it was built around precision: personalized wattage zones, structured rest periods, and intentional recovery rituals. It was about learning how to stay in control when things get hard, and how to train for the long haul.
“We’re not trying to destroy anyone here,” Hinshaw says. “We’re trying to develop capacity they can actually use in competition. That’s the difference.”
In the sections that follow, we’ll break down every piece of this workout—how it was structured, why each piece matters, how to apply it in your own training, and what you’ll learn about yourself in the process.
Jump to:
- Warm-Up Breakdown
- Replacing the Track: How to Translate Running Workouts to Erg Machines
- How to Define Your Intensity Using the 50% Rule
- Recovery Is a Skill: Mastering the 30-Second Reset
- The Sticking Point: Why Round Three Is the Make-Or-Break Moment
- Fast-Twitch vs. Slow-Twitch: How Physiology Impacts Fatigue and Pacing
- Why Equal Work Time Creates Fairer, Smarter Group Training
Warm-Up Breakdown
1. BikeErg – 3 minutes total
- 0:00–2:55: Easy-to-moderate effort to increase heart rate
- Somewhere within the 3:00: One 5-second sprint, all-out
- 2:50–3:00: Maximal 10-second effort
- Objective: Record peak wattage seen on the monitor
2. Rower – 2 minutes total
- 0:00–1:55: Steady pace, moderate effort
- Random 5-second sprint mid-minute
- 1:50–2:00: 10-second max sprint
- Goal: Record peak wattage again
3. SkiErg – 1 minute total
- First 50 seconds: Controlled warm-up
- One 5-second surge in the first half
- Final 10 seconds: All-out sprint
- Record final peak wattage
Between each machine, athletes took enough rest to reset their monitor and mentally prepare for the next all-out effort. There was no rush—just a clear focus on execution.
“It’s not about blowing yourself up here,” Hinshaw explained. “You just need one true maximal effort to show us your ceiling. That’s going to define everything else.”
This is where the power of individualization begins. Rather than guessing or assigning arbitrary paces, this warm-up creates a personalized intensity profile for each machine—based on actual performance, not estimated values.
Why Peak Wattage?
Using peak wattage rather than average or heart rate allows Hinshaw to scale workouts in a way that feels fair and sustainable.
- It accounts for body size and strength
- It identifies explosive vs. sustained power profiles
- It’s immediately available on the monitor
- It works across modalities, not just one
This quick test reveals important insights.
“If your peak power on the rower is 500 watts, and on the bike it’s 350, we can see where you’re stronger—and where you’re going to struggle,” said Hinshaw. “That lets us create a workout that challenges you in the right ways.”
Athlete Insight: Power Profiles Matter
For example, Tasia, a fast-twitch dominant athlete, excelled in these short bursts.
“I didn’t think I could hold my 50% number for more than 10 seconds,” she said. “But I was actually able to hold it way longer. That gave me confidence going into the intervals.”
Meanwhile, Jen, with a more balanced power profile, hit lower peak numbers but demonstrated better repeatability in the longer intervals.
This contrast sets the stage for how both athletes would approach intensity differently later in the session.
“Knowing your peak gives you a clear target,” said Hinshaw. “It takes the guesswork out of pacing.”
How to Do It Yourself
You can replicate this warm-up in your own training session with any or all of the three machines:
- BikeErg – 3 minutes total
- Rower – 2 minutes total
- SkiErg – 1 minute total
In each segment:
- Include one 5-second sprint mid-way
- Finish with a 10-second all-out effort
- Record peak wattage from the monitor (not average!)
Save those numbers. You’ll need them to set intensity in the main workout.
Replacing the Track: How to Translate Running Workouts to Erg Machines
Once each athlete had their peak wattage numbers recorded, it was time to tackle the real challenge—converting a traditional running workout into a highly effective, machine-based session. And not just any running workout. Hinshaw chose one of the most commonly programmed aerobic builders in CrossFit:
“Let’s say we originally had a workout with three sets of four by 400-meter runs,” he explained. “There’s 40 seconds rest between the 400s, and 4 minutes between the sets.”
This format is a classic for good reason. The 400-meter repeat is long enough to challenge aerobic endurance, but short enough to maintain some speed. It builds resilience, control, and pacing discipline.
But here’s the question:
How do you re-create the same training stimulus using a BikeErg, Rower, or SkiErg?
“You can’t just swap 400 meters of running for 500 meters of rowing,” said Hinshaw. “That’s a mistake people make all the time. It doesn’t account for body size, skill, or the machine itself.”
The Key: Translate Time, Not Distance
Instead of trying to match meters, Hinshaw matches time domains.
“If Tasia runs 400 meters in 2 minutes, that’s what we match. Not the distance, the time under tension,” he explained. “That’s the key to targeting the same adaptation.”
So the 3 sets of 4x400m runs turned into:
- 3 sets of 4×2-minute intervals on the BikeErg
- 3 sets of 4×2-minute intervals on the Rower
- 3 sets of 4×2-minute intervals on the SkiErg
This gave every athlete 12 intervals in total—spread evenly across the three machines.
Between each 2-minute interval, athletes received 30 seconds of rest. Between sets (switching from bike to row, or row to ski), rest varied slightly based on the movement:
- 2.5 minutes after the BikeErg
- 3 minutes after the Rower
- 3 minutes after the SkiErg
Why Reduce the Rest?
In the original running version, there’s 40 seconds of rest between 400-meter runs. But Hinshaw reduced this to 30 seconds on the machines.
Why?
“When you run, you have to support your own bodyweight,” he said. “There’s pounding, impact, and more muscular damage. That demands more recovery.”
But on machines like the BikeErg and Rower, your weight is supported. There’s less eccentric loading, and athletes can recover faster—so the rest can be shortened without sacrificing performance.
Hinshaw even differentiates between the machines:
- Bike and Rower: Fully supported—2.5 minutes between sets is enough
- SkiErg: Partial weight-bearing, more upper-body fatigue—so he allows a full 3-minute recovery
“We’re trying to equalize intensity and recovery across different movements,” Hinshaw said. “Not make it easier. Just make it fair.”
Structure Summary: The Full Workout Breakdown
Here’s what the final structure looked like:
Machine | Rounds | Interval Duration | Rest Between Reps | Rest Between Sets |
BikeErg | 4 | 2:00 | 0:30 | 2.5 minutes |
Rower | 4 | 2:00 | 0:30 | 3 minutes |
SkiErg | 4 | 2:00 | 0:30 | N/A (end of workout) |
Total working time: 24 minutes
Total reps: 12 intervals
Total rest time: ~9–10 minutes
This design mirrors the total volume and time domain of the original 3x4x400m running workout—but with one major upgrade: individualized pacing.
“The goal is that every athlete works at the same relative intensity,” Hinshaw said. “It’s fair. And it keeps everyone together.”
Group Unity Without Sacrificing Individual Challenge
One of the greatest strengths of this format is how well it works in a group setting.
“You could have 40 people in a class doing this,” said Hinshaw. “Because everyone works for time, no one gets left behind.”
That creates a training environment where newcomers and Games athletes can train side by side, each chasing their own intensity—but staying on the same clock.
“That’s the magic,” Hinshaw added. “We build community and push performance at the same time.”
How to Define Your Intensity Using the 50% Rule
Once the structure of the workout was set—12 total intervals, each 2 minutes long—the next question was: How hard should each rep feel?
Hinshaw’s answer? Not maximal. Not even close.
“This isn’t about breaking athletes down,” he said. “This is about building repeatable aerobic effort. We’re targeting an intensity that can be sustained for 20 to 40 minutes.”
To personalize that effort, Hinshaw uses a remarkably simple but powerful rule:
Take 50% of your 10-second peak wattage.
That number becomes your target average wattage for each 2-minute interval on that machine.
Why 50%?
At first glance, cutting max effort in half may seem arbitrary—but it’s backed by performance science.
“What we’re looking for is a sustainable pace that challenges your aerobic system without pushing you over the edge,” said Hinshaw. “If you go too hard, your body goes anaerobic, and you’ll burn out halfway through.”
By anchoring the intensity to half of an athlete’s peak power, Hinshaw ensures:
- The effort stays within the moderate-intensity domain
- Athletes stay below their ventilatory threshold
- There’s enough reserve to complete all 12 intervals consistently
- The number is personalized to each person’s physiology
“You can’t just tell someone to ‘go at 70%’ or ‘go at a moderate pace,’” he said. “That’s meaningless without a number behind it. This gives them a number.”
Tasia and Jen: Two Very Different Intensity Profiles
The 50% rule revealed a stark contrast between Tasia and Jen.
Tasia, with a very high peak wattage—especially on the bike—had target averages that felt intimidating.
“When I first saw my 50% number, I thought, ‘There’s no way I can hold that for two minutes,’” she said. “It looked way too high.”
But to her surprise, she was able to hit and hold her wattage—and even finish strong.
Jen, on the other hand, had lower peak power but excelled in maintaining steady output. Her numbers were more manageable, but she felt the effort accumulate across machines.
“It was cool to see how fair it felt,” Jen noted. “We weren’t chasing each other’s numbers. We were chasing our own.”
What If Your Output Fluctuates?
The goal wasn’t perfection—but consistency.
Hinshaw allowed athletes to float within ±5 watts of their target average. That gave just enough room for machine variance, fatigue, and pacing adjustments, without letting athletes fall off the plan.
“Think of it like a running pace band,” he said. “You don’t need to hit 6:55 per mile on the dot, but you better not drift to 7:15.”
If athletes missed their target by more than 5 watts, they were encouraged to:
- Check their RPMs or stroke rate
- Adjust damper setting or resistance
- Revisit breathing mechanics during recovery
- Focus on holding a rhythm, not chasing a number every second
Actionable Steps: Set Your Target Wattage
Here’s how you can determine your average wattage target for each machine:
- Warm-up on the machine
- Complete one 10-second max-effort sprint
- Record the highest wattage you hit (peak)
- Multiply that number by 0.50
- That’s your target average wattage for each 2-minute rep
Example:
- BikeErg Peak = 420 watts
- Target = 0.50 x 420 = 210 average watts
Repeat this for the rower and ski erg.
Write those numbers down. Memorize them. That’s your gold standard for the workout.
“You’re not racing against anyone,” said Hinshaw. “You’re racing against your own ceiling—and learning how to operate just below it.”
Recovery Is a Skill: Mastering the 30-Second Reset
The real difference between elite performers and everyone else? It’s often not speed, strength, or grit. It’s how quickly they recover—physically and mentally—between efforts.
In this workout, recovery wasn’t an afterthought. It was a core focus. Each athlete had just 30 seconds between reps, and Hinshaw made it clear: every second counts.
“Most athletes waste their rest,” he said. “They don’t know how to recover. They don’t have a ritual. That 30 seconds is gold—if you know what to do with it.”
The Problem with Passive Rest
In most workouts, recovery periods become dead space. Athletes drop their handles, step off the pedals, gasp for air, maybe even pace around.
Hinshaw sees that as a missed opportunity.
“What happens is they burn half of their rest time trying to figure out what to do,” he explained. “Then when the next interval starts, they’re still gassed. We’re trying to train efficiency under fatigue—not just endurance.”
So in this session, recovery was trained—not just taken.
The 30-Second Recovery Protocol
Hinshaw coached athletes to use every recovery break with intention, following a repeatable, automatic ritual:
- Immediately stop and reset the monitor
– Don’t waste time scrolling through screens
– Clear the data so you’re mentally ready for the next rep - Control your breathing
– Two deep, slow exhales to purge carbon dioxide
– Then match your inhale and exhale to bring heart rate down
– If possible, breathe through the nose - Relax posture without collapsing
– Stay tall, upright
– Don’t slump or fold over—it makes breathing harder - Mentally reset for the next round
– Don’t think about how many are left
– Think: Just this next 2 minutes - Be ready by second 25
– Grip the handles
– Check your foot position
– Eyes forward, hands ready
– Treat it like a start line
“You want to build a ritual that becomes autopilot,” said Hinshaw. “If I gave you only 30 seconds of rest, and you did it exactly the same way every time, it would feel like enough. But if you wing it? You’ll fall apart.”
Athlete Insight: Breath Is the Tell
Throughout the session, Hinshaw constantly monitored one specific cue: breath rate.
“I’m watching how fast they’re breathing,” he said. “That tells me more than anything else. If they’re hyperventilating, they’re not recovering. The breath is the tell.”
He even used a quick test: Could the athlete say a paragraph with three sentences in it, uninterrupted? If yes, they were in control. If not, they were in the danger zone.
“Jen looked calm and steady,” he noted. “Tasia was working harder—more movement, more tension—but her breathing was still under control. That’s good fatigue, not panic.”
This level of awareness helps athletes fine-tune their pace mid-workout.
If breath starts spiraling? Back off slightly on wattage or cadence.
If breath feels stable? You’re in the right place.
What Happens Without a Ritual?
Hinshaw warned that athletes who ignore the recovery process almost always underperform by the second half of the workout.
“If you don’t recover in round one and two, round three will crush you,” he said. “That’s where the wheels come off.”
And he’s right. In multi-round efforts, the third round is almost always the “sticking point”—the moment when doubt, fatigue, and discomfort peak (more on that in the next section).
That’s why developing a reliable recovery ritual isn’t optional—it’s a performance edge.
Actionable: Build Your Recovery Ritual
During your next interval workout, practice the following protocol in every rest break:
- 0–5 seconds: Stop your machine and reset the monitor
- 5–15 seconds: Two deep breaths out the mouth, nose breathing to follow
- 15–25 seconds: Mentally reset—recommit to your wattage target
- 25–30 seconds: Reposition yourself and grip the handle—be ready
Pro tip: Set a timer or watch the screen to hit each time cue precisely.
“We don’t train this enough,” Hinshaw emphasized. “But when the workout gets hard, it’s what separates good athletes from great ones.”
The Sticking Point: Why Round Three Is the Make-Or-Break Moment
In every workout—no matter how long, short, or brutal—there’s a moment where the real work begins.
It’s not in the warm-up. It’s not in round one. It’s not even when your heart rate spikes or your legs start to burn.
It’s when your brain starts negotiating with your body.
For most interval-based sessions, that moment happens in round three. And Hinshaw wants his athletes to know that before they get there.
“Every single workout has a sticking point,” he explained. “That’s when doubt shows up. You start asking yourself, ‘Can I hold this pace? Is it too much?’ That’s the make-or-break moment.”
The Psychology of Round Three
Let’s say you’ve just finished round two.
- You’re halfway through the set.
- You’ve felt the fatigue start to stack.
- You look ahead and realize—you’re only halfway there.
That’s when the mind starts to panic. And if you’re not ready for it, you’ll start to drop your output, lose your rhythm, or even mentally check out.
“Your brain is constantly evaluating fatigue versus remaining effort,” said Hinshaw. “If the brain decides the workload is unsustainable, it will slow you down automatically.”
This is where preparation pays off.
Call Your Shot Before the Suffering Starts
One of Hinshaw’s signature coaching tactics is helping athletes predict where their sticking point will hit—so they’re not surprised when it does.
“If you know it’s coming, you’ll manage it better. If it catches you off guard, you’ll underperform. Every time.”
That’s why, at the start of the workout, he reminded his athletes:
- Round three will be the hardest.
- That’s where your performance is tested.
- Make it through three, and you’re almost home.
This gives athletes a mental checkpoint: Just get through this round. Don’t worry about the last one. Don’t get caught projecting too far ahead.
Just survive the middle.
Compartmentalize to Conquer
Hinshaw also teaches athletes to break each round into smaller, digestible pieces.
“A two-minute interval? Break that into four 30-second chunks,” he said. “Once you get to 90 seconds, you’re home free.”
This tactic works not just for intervals, but for almost any endurance event.
In Ironman races, for example, aid stations are placed every mile on the run. Athletes learn to race aid station to aid station, not mile to mile. In CrossFit, that might look like:
- Rowing 500m in four chunks of 125m
- Breaking a 40-cal ski into 10s
- Thinking “20 seconds on, 10 seconds on, 10 more” instead of “2 minutes”
It’s the same principle: Keep the mind present and anchored.
“If you can master your mindset in round three, you’ll finish every workout stronger,” Hinshaw said.
Athlete Experience: “Once I got to 90 seconds, I knew I had it”
During the ski erg portion of the workout, both Tasia and Jen felt the walls closing in during round three.
“There was a moment where I thought, ‘I can’t do this again,’” Tasia admitted. “But then I remembered—Chris said this round would be the hardest. And that actually helped. I knew what was happening. It wasn’t a failure, it was the plan.”
Jen echoed a similar experience.
“When I hit 90 seconds, it was like something clicked,” she said. “I thought, ‘Only 30 seconds left—I’ve done that a thousand times.’ That got me through.”
Actionable: Plan Your Sticking Point Strategy
Before your next interval session, take two minutes to visualize your workout. Then ask:
- Where will it get hard?
- What will I do when it does?
- What thought will I come back to?
Try one of these tactical cues:
- “Just this interval. Don’t think ahead.”
- “Get to the halfway mark, then reassess.”
- “Three deep breaths. You’re still in control.”
“Doubt is part of the game,” said Hinshaw. “But if you train for it, you can beat it.”
Fast-Twitch vs. Slow-Twitch: How Physiology Impacts Fatigue and Pacing
One of the most enlightening takeaways from this workout came not from the machines or numbers—but from watching how differently athletes respond to the same workout structure.
Why? Because not all engines are built the same.
“What we saw today is that Tasia and Jen have completely different power profiles,” said Hinshaw. “And that changes how the workout feels for each of them—even though the structure is identical.”
The reason lies in the muscle fibers that make up each athlete’s body.
Understanding Muscle Fiber Types
There are two main types of muscle fibers:
- Type I (slow-twitch)
- Designed for endurance and sustained efforts
- Fatigue-resistant
- Less forceful, but last longer
- Ideal for athletes with strong aerobic systems
- Designed for endurance and sustained efforts
- Type II (fast-twitch)
- Built for explosive power and short bursts
- Fatigue quickly
- Powerful, but not sustainable
- Ideal for athletes who dominate in sprints and heavy lifts
- Built for explosive power and short bursts
Every athlete has a different ratio of these fibers—and it affects everything from pacing to fatigue rate to finishing kick.
Tasia: The Sprinter with a Monster Kick
From the start of the workout, it was clear: Tasia’s fast-twitch fibers gave her a serious advantage in the peak power test.
Her numbers were high—especially on the BikeErg. That meant her 50% target wattage was significantly higher than Jen’s.
“Your 10-second sprint was incredible,” Hinshaw told her. “One of your top skills is explosive output. You’ve got one of the best finishing kicks I’ve ever seen.”
But as the workout progressed, fatigue started to show up earlier for Tasia than it did for Jen.
“You could see it in her movement,” Hinshaw observed. “Her body started to use more muscles to generate the same power. She was working harder to maintain pace.”
That’s a classic fast-twitch fatigue pattern: massive output up front, but a steep drop-off if pacing isn’t dialed in.
Jen: The Grinder with Long-Term Control
Jen, on the other hand, had lower peak wattage numbers—but she excelled in one key area: repeatability.
“You looked the same in round four as you did in round one,” Hinshaw said. “You’re incredibly efficient. No panic. No breakdown.”
Jen’s pacing stayed consistent. Her breathing remained controlled. Her technique never unraveled.
That’s the slow-twitch advantage: the ability to hold steady through discomfort, manage fatigue, and finish strong.
“You’re built for longer time domains,” Hinshaw told her. “You don’t slow down nearly as fast—and over 30 or 40 minutes, that’s huge.”
What This Means for You
Understanding your physiology helps you make smarter strategy decisions in training and competition:
If You’re More Fast-Twitch | If You’re More Slow-Twitch |
Explode in short bursts | Grind through long sets |
Peak power is high | Sustained output is stronger |
Fatigue hits faster | Fatigue builds gradually |
Best at sprints, max lifts | Best at pacing, endurance events |
Need to pace early | Can start more aggressively |
Strong finishing kick | Steady from start to finish |
Coaching Tip: Watch for Physical Cues
Hinshaw pointed out the visual signs of each athlete’s fiber dominance.
- Tasia: High movement, more visible fatigue, high breath rate
- Jen: Stable posture, calm breathing, minimal upper-body movement
“You don’t need a lab test to see this,” he said. “Just watch how someone breathes. Watch how they move under fatigue. That tells you everything.”
What If You Want to Change Your Profile?
Can you shift from fast-twitch to slow-twitch? Not completely—but you can train your system to become more resilient, regardless of your natural bias.
If you’re fast-twitch dominant:
- Add longer, moderate-paced efforts to build fatigue resistance
- Train breath control under effort
- Practice backing off early to finish stronger later
If you’re slow-twitch dominant:
- Include short, high-intensity bursts to build speed reserve
- Improve top-end power output
- Work on aggressive finishes in training to increase your closing gear
“Tasia, your power curve is steep,” Hinshaw said. “You dominate the start and finish. The middle is where we’ll train. Jen, you’re the opposite—you hold steady all day. Let’s work on bringing up your top gear.”
Actionable: Identify Your Fiber Bias
Try this self-assessment:
- In a 10-second max sprint, do you produce very high power but gas out quickly? → Likely fast-twitch dominant
- In 20+ minute workouts, do you tend to build momentum as others fade? → Likely slow-twitch dominant
- Are you stronger at Fran or Murph? Sprint or grind?
Knowing your answer doesn’t change who you are—it changes how you train.
“When you understand your physiology, you can train smarter,” Hinshaw said. “You stop trying to be someone else—and start maximizing what you’ve got.”
Why Equal Work Time Creates Fairer, Smarter Group Training
One of the most powerful parts of this entire session wasn’t the individualized pacing, or even the physiological insights—it was how the workout scaled across different athletes in real time, while keeping the group moving together.
This wasn’t accidental. Hinshaw designed it that way.
“We’re all doing the same structure, the same timing,” he said. “But each person’s intensity is completely their own. That’s how you create fairness in group training.”
In a traditional CrossFit workout based on distance or reps, there’s usually a natural drop-off:
- The fastest athletes finish first
- The slower ones fall behind
- The workout turns into an individual race
But in Hinshaw’s time-based structure, no one finishes early, no one falls behind, and everyone works at the same relative intensity.
The Problem with Distance-Based Scaling
Let’s say you program a 400-meter run, a 500-meter row, or a 1-mile bike sprint.
Athletes will finish at very different times, based on:
- Height and weight
- Experience on each machine
- Muscle fiber profile
- Overall capacity
A taller athlete may row 500 meters in 1:30 with ease, while a shorter, less experienced rower takes 2:10.
“If we base the entire workout on distance, someone is always last,” said Hinshaw. “And if that happens to you every time, you stop showing up.”
The solution? Anchor everyone’s effort to the clock, not the machine.
Time-Based Intervals Create Class Unity
In this workout, every athlete worked in 2-minute intervals, regardless of how far they went.
Each person had a different wattage target, but the effort window was identical.
That means:
- Everyone starts and stops together
- The group can train as a unit
- Coaches can monitor everyone simultaneously
- The emotional impact of always being “last” is removed
“This structure eliminates the hierarchy,” Hinshaw explained. “We’re all in it together—but chasing our own numbers. That’s what makes it fair.”
Even with just two athletes—Tasia and Jen—the effect was noticeable. They had wildly different outputs, but the structure let them work side by side, supporting each other, without racing.
Using Personal Data to Create Equity
What made the fairness possible wasn’t just the shared time domain—it was the personalized targets derived from the peak wattage test.
Each athlete had their own number to chase.
- Not arbitrary percentages
- Not coach-assigned zones
- Not rep counts matched to someone else’s pace
Just a single goal: Hit your own number.
“You’re not chasing someone else’s fitness,” said Hinshaw. “You’re chasing your own potential.”
And that’s one of the most empowering dynamics you can create in a training environment.